Audit Tenure, Audit Fee, and Audit Quality : Evidence from India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17010/ijf/2022/v16i5/169515Keywords:
mandatory auditor rotation, modified Jones model, discretionary accruals, IFRS, audit fees.Abstract
This paper examined the relationship between the tenure of the auditor and the audit quality of Indian companies, particularly in the wake of two significant regulations in the financial reporting, the implementation of Ind AS (the IFRS compliant accounting standards) and mandatory auditor rotation. Using Discretionary Accruals as a proxy for audit quality, the study took the data of all the companies listed on the NSE for 11 financial years, from 2009 – 2019 (totaling 8,171 firm-year observations). It deployed panel data regression with a random-effects model. The results showed that audit quality improved up to specific auditors’ tenure, particularly with the IFRS compliance and Big 4 auditors. The higher audit fee is positively significantly associated with lower earnings quality. The study suggested that mandatory auditor rotation might provide the full benefit only along with other regulations on IFRS, auditor reputation, and audit fee. The study provided an impetus to the regulators, audit fraternity, and companies to improve the relevance of financial statements. This is one of the first longitudinal studies examining the interaction effects of different audit regulations. Robustness checks with other proxies of audit quality provided the same results.Downloads
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Abu Risheh, K. E., & Al Saeed, M. T. (2014). The impact of IFRS adoption on audit fees: Evidence from Jordan. Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems,13(3) , 520–536 . https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ami:journl:v:13:y:2014:i:3:p:520-536
Alrashidi, R., Baboukardos, D., & Arun, T. (2021). Audit fees, non-audit fees and access to finance: Evidence from India. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 43,Article 100397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2021.100397
Aschauer, E., & Quick, R. (2018). Mandatory audit firm rotation and prohibition of audit firm-provided tax services: Evidence from investment consultants' perceptions. International Journal of Auditing, 22(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12109
Asthana, S. C., Balsam, S., & Krishnan, J. (2010). Corporate governance, audit firm reputation, auditor switches, and client stock price reactions: The Andersen experience. International Journal of Auditing, 14(3), 274–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-1123.2010.00417.x
Barth, M. E., Landsman, W. R., & Lang, M. H. (2008). International accounting standards and accounting quality. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(3), 467– 498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2008.00287.x
Bepari, M. K., & Mollik, A. T. (2015). Effect of audit quality and accounting and finance backgrounds of audit committee members on firms' compliance with IFRS for goodwill impairment testing. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 16(2), 196 – 220. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-05-2013-0038
Billor, N., Hadi, A.S., & Velleman, P.F. (2000). BACON: Blocked adaptive computationally efficient outlier nominators. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 34(3), 279–298.
Bloomberg. (2019). In Charts: How big are the Big 4 in India. https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/in-charts-how-big-are-the-big-4-in-india
Cameran, M., Prencipe, A., & Trombetta, M. (2016). Mandatory audit firm rotation and audit quality. European Accounting Review, 25(1), 35–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2014.921446
Chen,3 C.-Y., Lin, C.-J., & Lin, Y.-C. (2008). Audit partner tenure, audit firm tenure, and discretionary accruals: Does long auditor tenure impair earnings quality? Contemporary Accounting Research, 25(2), 415 – 455. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1506/car.25.2.5
Chi, W., & Huang, H. (2005). Discretionary accruals, audit-firm tenure and audit-partner tenure: Empirical evidence f r o m Ta i w a n . Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics,1 (1),65–92 . https://doi.org/10.1016/s1815-5669(10)70003-5
Chi, W., Lisic, L. L., & Pevzner, M. (2011). Is enhanced audit quality associated with greater real earnings management? Accounting Horizons, 25(2), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-10025
Coffie, W., & Bedi, I. (2019). The effects of IFRS adoption and firm size on audit fees in financial institutions in Ghana. Accounting Research Journal, 32(3), 436 – 453. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARJ-07-2017-0114
Corbella, S., Florio, C., Gotti, G., & Mastrolia, S. A. (2015). Audit firm rotation, audit fees and audit quality: The experience of Italian public companies. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 25(1), 46–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2015.10.003
Curry, B., & Peel, M. J. (1998). Neural networks and business forecasting: An application to cross-sectional audit fee data. International Journal of Commerce and Management , 8 (2),94–120 . https://doi.org/10.1108/eb047370
De Fuentes, C., & Sierra-Grau, E. (2015). IFRS adoption and audit and non-audit fees: Empirical evidence from Spanish listed companies. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting, 44(4), 387 – 426. https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2015.1075341
DeAngelo, L. E. (1981). Auditor size and audit quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 3(3), 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(81)90002-1
Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1995). Detecting earnings management. The Accounting Review, 70(2), 193–225. http://www.jstor.org/stable/248303
El Guindy, M. N., & Basuony, M. A. (2018). Audit firm tenure and earnings management: The impact of changing accounting standards in UK firms. The Journal of Developing Areas, 52(4), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2018.0058
Firth, M., Rui, O. M., & Wu, X. (2012). How do various forms of auditor rotation affect audit quality ? Evidence from China.The International Journal of Accounting , 47(1),109–138 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2011.12.006
Garcia-Blandon, J., Argiles, J. M., & Ravenda, D. (2020). On the relationship between audit tenure and fees paid to the audit firm and audit quality. Accounting in Europe,17(1),78–103 . https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2019.1669808
Gellings, J. (2017). IFRS and enforcement on audit quality: Incorporating the mediating effect of audit fee ( Unpublished Master's Thesis).Radboud University Nijmegen . https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/123456789/4922/Gellings,_Janne_1.pdf?sequence=1
Gul, F. A., Fung, S. Y., & Jaggi, B. (2009). Earnings quality: Some evidence on the role of auditor tenure and auditors' i n d u s t r y e x p e r t i s e . Journal of Accounting and Economics,47(3),265–287 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2009.03.001
Gupta, A. (2018). Evaluation of the impact of IND AS 113 fair value measurement on financial statements. Indian Journal of Finance, 12(11), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijf/2018/v12i11/138194
Hasan, M. T., & Rahman, A. A. (2019). Conceptual framework for IFRS adoption, audit quality and earnings management: The case of Bangladesh. International Business and Accounting Research Journal, 3(1), 58 – 66. https://doi.org/10.15294/IBARJ.V3I1.56
Huang, H.-W., Raghunandan, K., Huang, T.-C., & Chiou, J.-R. (2015). Fee discounting and audit quality following audit firm and audit partner changes: Chinese evidence. The Accounting Review, 90(4), 1517–1546. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50958
Huang, Y., Li, X., & Song, Z. (2021). Board reforms and audit fees: International evidence. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics,1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2020.1870510
Jackson, A. B., Moldrich, M., & Roebuck, P. (2008). Mandatory audit firm rotation and audit quality. Managerial Auditing Journal, 23(5), 420 – 437. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686900810875271
Joshi, P. L., Krishnan, A., & Nik Salleh, N. M. (2017). The determinants of firms' characteristics on the audit and non-audit premium: An analysis of firms listed in the Malaysia stock exchange. Indian Journal of Finance, 11(4), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijf/2017/v11i4/112627
Junaidi, J., Hartono, J., Suwardi, E., Miharjo, S., & Hartadi, B. (2016). Does auditor rotation increase auditor independence? Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 18(3), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.16988
Jung, S.-J., Kim, B.-J., & Chung, J.-R. (2016). The association between abnormal audit fees and audit quality after IFRS adoption: Evidence from Korea. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 24(3), 252–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-07-2015-0044
Kim, H., Lee, H., & Lee, J. E. (2015). Mandatory audit firm rotation and audit quality. Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(3), 1089–1106. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i3.9245
Krishnan, G. V. (2003). Does Big 6 auditor industry expertise constrain earnings management? Accounting Horizons,17(1), 1–16.
Lawrence, A., Minutti-Meza, M., & Zhang, P. (2011). Can Big 4 versus non-Big 4 differences in audit-quality proxies be attributed to client characteristicsb?The Accounting Review, 86(1),259–286 . https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.00000009
Lennox, C. S., Wu, X., & Zhang, T. (2014). Does mandatory rotation of audit partners improve audit quality? The Accounting Review, 89(5), 1775–1803. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50800
Lin, H.-L., & Yen, A.-R. (2016). The effects of IFRS experience on audit fees for listed companies in China. Asian Review of Accounting, 24(1), 43–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-02-2014-0028
Ministry of Corporate Affairs .(n.d.). Accounts and audit http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/accounts+and+audit.html
Mitra, S., Deis, D. R., & Hossain, M. (2009). The association between audit fees and reported earnings quality in pre- and post-Sarbanes-Oxley regimes. Review of Accounting and Finance, 8(3), 232–252. https://doi.org/10.1108/14757700910980840
Mostafa Mohamed, D., & Hussien Habib, M. (2013). Auditor independence, audit quality and the mandatory auditor rotation in Egypt. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 6(2), 116 –144. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBS-07-2012-0035
Myers, J. N., Myers, L. A., & Omer, T. C. (2003). Exploring the term of the auditor-client relationship and the quality of earnings: A case for mandatory auditor rotation? The Accounting Review, 78(3), 779–799. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2003.78.3.779
Narayanaswamy, R., & Raghunandan, K. (2019). The effect of mandatory audit firm rotation on audit quality, audit fees and audit market concentration: Evidence from India. SSRN Electronic Journal.https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3360256
Pathak, T. (2018). Linkages between global capital flows, stock market, and monetary policy: Evidences from India. Indian Journal of Finance, 12(2), 26 – 42. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijf/2018/v12i2/121369
Ramesh, V., & Ramanathan. (2021). Auditing the auditors: A comparative study about India, UK, and the USA. Materialstoday: Proceedings, 37(Part 2), 2495–2500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.304
Roy, M. N. (2015). Statutory auditors' independence in corporate accounting scandals: A case study of Satyam Computer Services Ltd. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 8 (2), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2015/v8i2/61399
Shafie, R., Hussin, W. N., Yusof, M. A., & Hussain, M. H. (2009). Audit firm tenure and auditor reporting quality: Evidence in Malaysia. International Business Research, 2(2),99–109 . https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v2n2p99
Winanto, A., & Trisno Saputro, B. F. (2019). The factors influencing audit quality and its impact upon judgement on materiality level. The Accounting Journal of Binaniaga, 4(2), 21–34 . https://doi.org/10.33062/ajb.v4i2.339