Green Marketing Strategy Adoption by Indian Political Party Brands with Special Emphasis on Marketing Mix

Authors

  •   Parul Yadav JRF Research Scholar, Amity College of Commerce and Finance, Amity University, Noida, Sector - 125, Noida - 201 301, Uttar Pradesh
  •   Bhawna Agarwal Professor, Amity College of Commerce and Finance, Amity University, Noida, Sector - 125, Noida - 201 301, Uttar Pradesh
  •   Jones Mathew Professor, Great Lakes Institute of Management, Bilaspur-Tauru Road, Near Bilaspur Chowk, NH - 8, Gurugram - 122 413, Haryana

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2023/v53/i5/172727

Keywords:

political party brands

, green marketing, political marketing, marketing mix, environment

Paper Submission Date

, August 2, 2022, Paper sent back for Revision, April 10, 2023, Paper Acceptance Date, April 25, Paper Published Online, May 15, 2023

Abstract

Purpose : The goal of this paper was to provide an overview of the green marketing mix of political party brands and to explain how Indian political brands are implementing green marketing strategies along with the marketing mix consisting of the seven Ps for political party brands. 

Methodology : The paper is theoretically positioned and qualitative in nature. 

Findings : We discovered that very few papers have investigated this topic. Neither green marketing nor political marketing researchers have identified the green marketing positioning strategy of political brands, nor have political marketing researchers focused on the seven Ps of a political brand. Political parties are implementing green marketing strategies in practice, but academics provide no evidence of this. 

Practical Implications : Following a thorough literature review, we concluded that political marketers or managers should continue exploring new voter segments, such as green voters. We advise researchers to focus on this area of marketing so that voter behavior can be studied more scientifically. Our study has limitations and leaves room for future researchers. More examples of green initiatives can be found while broadening the scope of research to include other countries. 

Originality : Unlike prior research in the green and political marketing domain, the current work has paid attention to non-conventional political marketing strategies. Development of the seven Ps concept is also undertaken for the first time.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Downloads

Published

2023-05-01

How to Cite

Yadav, P., Agarwal, B., & Mathew, J. (2023). Green Marketing Strategy Adoption by Indian Political Party Brands with Special Emphasis on Marketing Mix. Indian Journal of Marketing, 53(5), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2023/v53/i5/172727

Issue

Section

Articles

References

Aam Aadmi Party. (2019, November 6). Nine measures Arvind Kejriwal’s government has taken to reduce air pollution in Delhi by 25%. https://aamaadmiparty.org/nine-measuresarvind- kejriwals-government-has-taken-to-reduce-air-pollution-in-delhi-by-25/

Acee-Eke, B. C., & Ikegwuru, M.-K. (2020). Green marketing and sustainable development: An empirical study of local government areas in rivers of Nigeria. Global Finance Journal, 8(4), 1088–1101. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345309741

Al Badi, K. S. (2018). The impact of marketing mix on the competitive advantage of the SME sector in the Al Buraimi Governorate in Oman. SAGE Open, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018800838

Alexandrescu, M.-B., & Milandru, M. (2018). Promotion as a form of communication of the marketing strategy. Land Forces Academy Review, 23(4), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2018-0033

Al-Fadly, A. (2020). Price element of marketing mix: Its effect on customer experience in construction industries. Management Science Letters, 10(15), 3643–3654. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.6.029

Anand, I. M., & Gaur, S. S. (2019). Consequences of consumers’ emotional responses to government’s green initiatives: Insights from a scenario-based experimental study. Management of Environmental Quality, 30(1), 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-02-2018-0045

Anusha, K. S. (2016). Brand and marketing mix - A review. Journal of Global Economics, 4(3), 1000219. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4389.1000219

Baines, P. R., Harris, P., & Lewis, B. R. (2002). The political marketing planning process: Improving image and message in strategic target areas. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 20(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634500210414710

Baruah, R. (2022). A study on evolution of Panchayati Raj System in Assam. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 7(Special Issue), 487–489. https://kalaharijournals.com/resources/SP%20Jan_Feb_65.pdf

Bigi, A. (2017). Political marketing: Understanding and managing stance and brand positioning (Doctoral thesis in industrial marketing). KTH Royal Institute of Technology. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1052115/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Bischof, D., & Senninger, R. (2018). Simple politics for the people? Complexity in campaign messages and political knowledge. European Journal of Political Research, 57(2), 473–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12235

Broom, D. (2020, March 5). 6 of the world’s most polluted cities are in India. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/6-of-the-world-s-10-mostpolluted- cities-are-in-india/

Chandra, M. (2015). Environmental concerns in India: Problems and solutions. Journal of International Business and Law, 15(1), Article 1. https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/jibl/vol15/iss1/1/

Chester, J., & Montgomery, K. C. (2017). The role of digital marketing in political campaigns. Internet Policy Review, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2017.4.773

Choudhary, H., & Agarwal, P. K. (2021). Green marketing: Need of the 21st century. In, Sustainable innovation, research & emerging trends in entrepreneurship. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352020780

Coppock, A., Hill, S. J., & Vavreck, L. (2020). The small effects of political advertising are small regardless of context, message, sender, or receiver: Evidence from 59 real-time randomized experiments. Science Advances, 6(36), eabc4046. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc4046

D’ambrogio, E. (2019). India: Environmental issues. European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2019)637920

Efanny, W., Haryanto, J., Kashif, M., & Widyanto, H. A. (2018). The relationship between marketing mix and retailer-perceived brand equity. IMP Journal, 12(1), 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1108/imp-12-2016-0019

Ekins, P., & Zenghelis, D. (2021). The costs and benefits of environmental sustainability. Sustainability Science, 16, 949–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00910-5

End the blame game: On Delhi’s pollution crisis. (2021, November 18). The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/end-the-blame-game-the-hindu-editorial-ondelhis- pollution-crisis/article37549634.ece

Falkowski, A., Cwalina, W., & Cwajina’, W. (2000). Political marketing of environmental policy. Journal for Mental Changes, 6(2), 67–87. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261872430

Fan, S., Lau, R. Y., & Zhao, J. L. (2015). Demystifying big data analytics for business intelligence through the lens of marketing mix. Big Data Research, 2(1), 28–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bdr.2015.02.006

Freestone, O. M., & McGoldrick, P. J. (2007). Ethical positioning and political marketing: The ethical awareness and concerns of UK voters. Journal of Marketing Management, 23(7–8), 651–673. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725707x229984

Gallego, J. (2018). Natural disasters and clientelism: The case of floods and landslides in Colombia. Electoral Studies, 55, 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.001

Ghose, A., & Chandra, B. (2018). Consumption behaviour towards green durable products: The moderating role of demographics. Indian Journal of Marketing, 48(6), 22–41. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2018/v48/i6/127834

Gopal, K., & Verma, R. (2018). Brand personality in politics: Scale development and validation. Indian Journal of Marketing, 48(2), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2018/v48/i2/121333

Gopal, K., Verma, R., & Chandel, A. (2019). Successful political marketing: A Punjab voter’s point of view. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 7(6S5), 1808–1816. https://www.ijrte.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v7i6s5/F13240476S519.pdf

Gordon, B. R., Lovett, M. J., Luo, B., & Reeder III, J. C. (2019). Disentangling the effects of ad tone on voter turnout and candidate choice in presidential elections. Available at SSRN. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3506385

Guha, A., & Joe, E. T. (2019). ‘Environment’ in the election manifestos. Economic & Political Weekly, 54(9), 13–16. https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/9/commentary/%E2%80%98environment%E2%80%99- election-manifestos.html

Irshaidat, R. (2022). Interpretivism vs. positivism in political marketing research. Journal of Political Marketing, 21(2), 126–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2019.1624286

Išoraitė, M. (2021). 7 P marketing mix literature review. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), 5(6), 1586–1591. https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47665.pdf

Istiqomah, Y. N. (2015). The influence of marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) and service on customer’s decision of using BSM saving products. Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business, 3(2), 073–098. https://doi.org/10.14421/grieb.2015.032- 01

Karunanithy, M., & Sivesan, S. (2013). An empirical study on the promotional mix and brand equity: Mobile service providers. Industrial Engineering Letters, 3(3), 1–9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267449440

Karwa, O., Goyal, Y., & Deo, S. (2022). Manifestos as a tool for accountability: A content analysis of the 2004–2019 UPA and NDA poll manifestos. Observer Research Foundation (Issue Brief No. 535). https://www.orfonline.org/research/manifestos-as-a-tool-foraccountability/

Kaur, B., & Kaul, V. K. (2018). Consumers of fireworks and pollution in India: Implications for marketers and state policy. Indian Journal of Marketing, 48(5), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2018/v48/i5/123447

Kotler, P., & Levy, S. J. (1969). Broadening the concept of marketing. Journal of Marketing, 33(1), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224296903300103

Kulin, J., & Johansson Sevä, I. (2019). The role of government in protecting the environment: Quality of government and the translation of normative views about government responsibility into spending preferences. International Journal of Sociology, 49(2), 110–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2019.1582964

Kumar, V. (2019). Political marketing in India: A review of key strategies. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(11), 3537–3542.

Kwok, L., Tang, Y., & Yu, B. (2020). The 7 Ps marketing mix of home-sharing services: Mining travelers’ online reviews on Airbnb. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102616

Lovett, M. J. (2019). Empirical research on political marketing: A selected review. Customer Needs and Solutions, 6, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40547-019-00100-6

Madalitso Anastanzio Nahuku, A., Musopole, A., Bokola, H., & Mdzeka Nahuku, D. (2020). Greening up and the political manifestos: A review of political party manifestos on issues of the environment in Malawi. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 8(5), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20200805.11

Maryani, D. (2015). The analysis of political marketing mix in influencing image and reputation of political party and their impact toward the competitiveness of political party (The survey of voters in West Java Province). International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 4(11), 101–111. http://eprints.ipdn.ac.id/5430/

Mukherjee, S., & Shivani, S. (2013). Influence of physical evidence on service brand image dimensions and brand equity. Indian Journal of Marketing, 43(6), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2013/v43/i6/36389

Nai, A. (2020). Going negative, worldwide: Towards a general understanding of determinants and targets of negative campaigning. Government and Opposition, 55(3), 430–455. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2018.32

Observer Research Foundation. (2019, September 5). Controlling poll spending: What India can learn from international experiences. https://www.orfonline.org/research/controllingpoll- spending-what-india-can-learn-from-international-experiences-55145/

Onofrei, M., Gavriluţă, A.-F., Bostan, I., Filip, B. F., Popescu, C. L., & Jitaru, G. (2020). Impacts of the allocation of governmental resources for improving the environment. An empirical analysis on developing European countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2783. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082783

Park, C. S., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2021). Learning about Politics from mass media and social media: Moderating roles of press freedom and public service broadcasting in 11 countries. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 33(2), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edaa021

Schweidel, D. A., & Bendle, N. (2019). Marketing and politics: Strange bedfellows no more. Customer Needs and Solutions, 6, 37–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40547-019-00104-2

Shama, A. (1975). Applications of marketing concepts to candidate marketing. In, M. J. Schlinger (ed.), NA - Advances in consumer research (Vol. 2, pp. 793–802). https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/5803/volumes/v02/NA-02/full

Sharma, Y., Nasreen, R., & Kumar, A. (2019). Role of social network in defining the impact of marketing - Mix on satisfaction from food items at subsistence marketplace. Indian Journal of Marketing, 49(2), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2019/v49/i2/141579

Singh, M. (2012). Marketing mix of 4P’S for competitive advantage. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSRJBM), 3(6), 40–45.

Sircar, N. (2018). Money in elections: The role of personal wealth in election outcomes. In D. Kapur, & M. Vaishnav (eds.), Costs of democracy: Political finance in India (pp. 36–73). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199487271.003.0003

Srivastava, M. (2019). Role of customer engagement in customer loyalty for retail service brands: Customer orientation of salesperson as a mediator. Indian Journal of Marketing, 49(11), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2019/v49/i11/148273

Tajeddini, K., Martin, E., & Altinay, L. (2020). The importance of human-related factors on service innovation and performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 85, 102431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102431

Tara, K., Singh, S., Kumar, R., & Sundararajan, M. (2019). Geographical locations of banks as an influencer for green banking adoption. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 12(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2019/v12i1/141425

Tariq Khan, M. (2014). The concept of ‘marketing mix’ and its elements (A conceptual review paper). International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 6(2), 95–107.

Tezer, A., & Bodur, H. O. (2020). The green consumption effect: How using green products improves consumption experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 47(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/JCR/UCZ045

Thakur, P., & Qamar, S. (2020). Impact of odd–even scheme on travel pattern in Delhi. Journal of Resources, Energy and Development, 17(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.3233/red- 170103

Trivedi, S., & Dikshit, S. K. (2020). Facebook posts: Exploration and comprehension of sensationalism. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 13(8–9), 42–58. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2020/v13i8-9/155232

Tyson, A., & Kennedy, B. (2020, June 23). Two-thirds of Americans think government should do more on climate. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2020/06/23/two-thirds-of-americans-thinkgovernment- should-do-more-on-climate/

Verma, R. (2022). Promises that matter to Indian democracy: A study of election manifestos since 1952. Centre for Policy Research. cprindia.org/briefsreports/promises-that-matter-toindian-democracy-a-study-of-election-manifestos-since-1952/

Wang, H., Khan, M. A., Anwar, F., Shahzad, F., Adu, D., & Murad, M. (2021). Green innovation practices and its impacts on environmental and organizational performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.553625

Widagdo, S., Armanu, Noermijati, & Rofiaty. (2014). Effect of political marketing mix on constituents behavior in selecting candidates and political parties: Theoretical studies in legislative elections. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 3(10), 47–54. https://www.ijbmi.org/papers/Vol(3)10/Version-2/F03102047054.pdf

Widagdo, S. (2015). The effect of political products on the decision to choose political party through the role of the candidates of legislative members as mediating variable. Journal of Economics, Business, & Accountancy Ventura, 18(3), 367–380. https://doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v18i3.507

Wijekoon, R., & Sabri, M. F. (2021). Determinants that influence green product purchase intention and behavior: A literature review and guiding framework. Sustainability, 13(11), 6219. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116219

Yadav, R., & Pathak, G. S. (2013). Green marketing: Initiatives in the Indian context. Indian Journal of Marketing, 43(10), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2013/v43/i10/38358

Yusuf, M., Muhammad, N., & Yahaya Suleiman, I. (2020). The impact of physical evidence in service delivering as marketing tools that foreseen profitability for private universities in Nigeria. The Journal of Management Theory and Practice (JMTP), 1(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.37231/jmtp.2020.1.1.13

Zhao, H., Yao, X., Liu, Z., & Yang, Q. (2021). Impact of pricing and product information on consumer buying behavior with customer satisfaction in a mediating role. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720151